Review: Conan the Barbarian Graphic Novel Collections 1 – 3

by Vincent Darlage, PhD

Conan the Barbarian, Vol. 1: Bound in Black Stone

I enjoyed Bound in Black Stone. It is a good, solid Conan adventure, and more importantly, it actually feels like Conan to me. Jim Zub clearly understands the character and the kind of world in which he belongs. His Conan reminded me quite a bit of the Conan I grew up reading in the Marvel comics written by Roy Thomas, and since that remains one of my favorite interpretations of the character, that is very high praise.

I also appreciated the Black Stone storyline more than I expected to, partly because it finally supplied some context I had been missing. I had previously read a Conan novel involving the “Black Stone,” and I came away from that book wondering what exactly the Black Stone was supposed to be. I don’t remember the novel ever really giving me the background I needed. Here, Zub finally gave me enough context that I understood that this was part of something larger in the world surrounding Conan. I enjoy Conan as a wandering adventurer, but I also like being reminded that the Hyborian Age exists within Robert E. Howard’s much larger imagined prehistory.

Zub also gave Conan a very good companion in Brissa. In fact, she may have been my favorite new element in the book. She is capable enough to belong beside Conan without feeling as though the writer is diminishing Conan to make her impressive. She has her own history, knowledge, motivations, and personality, and I genuinely liked her. I would be quite happy to encounter Brissa again.

The real star of the volume, however, is Roberto De La Torre’s artwork. It is exceptional. There were pages where I found myself studying the artwork rather than simply moving on to the next panel. De La Torre’s Conan looks as though Frank Frazetta and John Buscema somehow met in the middle. More than anything, I see Buscema in his work, but it feels like a richer, rougher, more atmospheric version of Buscema—almost as though someone took the visual language of the classic Marvel Conan comics and enhanced it without losing what made those comics beautiful in the first place. This is exactly what I want Conan artwork to look like.

I was somewhat less enthusiastic about the conclusion. Once the story moved deeply into the supernatural mythology surrounding the Black Stone, I occasionally had trouble following exactly what was happening and why. Strangely, it began feeling less like a Conan story to me and more like a Kull story. That isn’t necessarily a criticism of the ideas themselves—I like Kull—but the cosmic and almost dreamlike elements seemed slightly out of place after the wonderfully physical Conan adventure that preceded them. Conan battling warriors, surviving impossible odds, wandering through hostile country, and encountering ancient horrors feels perfectly natural to me. Once the story begins reaching into stranger metaphysical territory, I become less certain that I am still standing on Conan’s particular patch of Robert E. Howard’s world.

I was also not entirely sold on the blonde Cimmerian warrior. Perhaps that is simply decades of Conan imagery conditioning me to associate Cimmerians with a particular appearance, but something about him didn’t quite work for me. It wasn’t enough to seriously damage the story, but it was one of those small details that kept pulling my attention away from it.
Still, those are relatively minor reservations about a book I enjoyed. Zub writes a Conan I recognize, Brissa is a character I genuinely came to like, and De La Torre’s artwork alone makes the volume worth seeing. It feels respectful of the older Conan comics without simply imitating them, and there is enough here to make me interested in continuing Titan’s series.
This didn’t reinvent Conan for me or make me reconsider the character in some profound new way. What it did was something considerably simpler: it gave me a good Conan adventure that reminded me why I enjoy Conan in the first place.

And sometimes that is exactly what I want.

Conan the Barbarian, Vol. 2: Thrice Marked for Death

I had mixed feelings about Conan the Barbarian Vol. 2: Thrice Marked for Death. There is quite a bit here that I liked, beginning once again with Jim Zub’s writing. Zub writes a Conan I recognize. His characterization continues to remind me of the Conan I loved in Roy Thomas’s Marvel comics, and I particularly enjoyed the connections to Conan’s time with Bêlit. That history matters here. Conan doesn’t simply move from one adventure to another as though everything that happened before has been forgotten; Bêlit remains part of him, and I appreciated seeing that period of his life treated as something that left a genuine mark.

Where the story began losing me was in its increasingly supernatural direction. Conan becoming possessed was already taking the character into territory that didn’t entirely feel like Conan to me, and the ending pushed that feeling considerably further. Conan ultimately kills himself.

Now, I am reasonably certain that Conan has not permanently committed suicide in the second volume of an ongoing Conan the Barbarian series. Presumably Volume 3 will explain exactly what has happened and put things right. Nevertheless, it struck me as a very strange direction for a Conan story. Once again, as I occasionally felt during Bound in Black Stone, Zub’s Conan seems to be wandering into territory that feels more appropriate for Kull—or perhaps even one of Robert E. Howard’s James Allison stories. Conan certainly belongs in a world of ghosts, demons, sorcery, ancient evils, and things humanity was better off not discovering, but possession and metaphysical questions about death and identity move somewhat farther away from what I personally want from him.

My larger problem with this volume, however, was Doug Braithwaite’s artwork. I simply did not like it.

Obviously, Braithwaite can draw infinitely better than I can, and there are things he does well. In fact, I thought his style worked particularly well for the ghosts. His heavy lines and somewhat gaunt figures give supernatural creatures an appropriately disturbing quality. Unfortunately, those same qualities frequently worked against the living characters, particularly Conan.

The faces distracted me constantly. Braithwaite uses a great many lines, and in comic-book artwork excessive facial lines can quickly make a character appear much older than intended. Conan sometimes looks aged, weathered beyond reason, or even parched. This is particularly noticeable around his mouth. I really don’t like the way Braithwaite draws male lips, and Conan’s lips are often so heavily lined that I found myself looking at them instead of paying attention to what Conan was doing.

Then there are the eyebrows. They seem to come and go. Sometimes Conan has prominent eyebrows; sometimes they appear to have disappeared entirely. When they are present, Braithwaite repeatedly gives Conan an expression in which the inner ends shoot upward at the glabella. It reminded me strangely of those youthful publicity photographs of Luke Perry and Jason Priestley where that particular expression seemed to be everywhere. Once I noticed it, I couldn’t stop noticing it.

I had the same problem with Braithwaite’s fondness for drawing Conan from below. I have now seen considerably more of Conan’s nostrils than I ever expected or particularly wanted to see. There is nothing inherently wrong with a low viewing angle, of course, but Braithwaite uses it repeatedly while, to my eye, not drawing the underside of the chin especially convincingly. It is therefore an odd angle to return to so often.

Even the nudity, which I ordinarily appreciate in sword-and-sorcery artwork, didn’t particularly work for me here. There is nothing wrong with depicting Conan’s world as an adult world containing adult bodies, and nudity can fit the primal physicality of sword-and-sorcery perfectly well. But Braithwaite’s nude figures often look gaunt and emaciated rather than sensual or physically vital. Instead of beautiful, dangerous, or sexy people inhabiting Conan’s world, I sometimes felt as though I were looking at particularly healthy-looking corpses. Again, that aesthetic works wonderfully for the ghosts. It is less successful when everyone is still alive.

All of this mattered because the artwork repeatedly pulled me out of the story. I could forgive an occasional strange face or inconsistent detail, but eventually I was looking for the disappearing eyebrows, the oddly lined lips, the upward glances and the nostrils. The visual storytelling had become a distraction from Zub’s writing rather than a complement to it.

That’s especially unfortunate after Roberto De La Torre’s exceptional work in Bound in Black Stone. His combination of something resembling John Buscema and Frank Frazetta felt almost ideal for Conan, so the change in artists was particularly noticeable to me.

There is still a good deal that I liked in Thrice Marked for Death. Zub continues to write Conan extremely well, and I appreciated the way the story reached back into Conan’s history with Bêlit rather than treating his adventures as completely disposable episodes. I’m interested enough in what Zub is doing that I certainly want to read Volume 3 and discover where this very strange ending is going.

But the increasingly metaphysical direction of the story wasn’t quite what I wanted from Conan, and the artwork actively diminished my enjoyment of a story I otherwise liked. Without that distraction, I probably would have rated the book three stars.

Conan the Barbarian, Vol. 3: The Age Unconquered

I knew I was in for something good almost as soon as I saw the name Roberto De La Torre on the cover.

After absolutely loving his artwork in the first volume, I was delighted to see him return, and he did not disappoint. Once again, his artwork is exceptional. This is the Conan I see in my head when I think of Conan. De La Torre’s work somehow evokes both Frank Frazetta and John Buscema without simply imitating either of them. There is the muscular, savage atmosphere of Frazetta and the classical comic-book storytelling of Buscema, but De La Torre brings enough of his own style that the result belongs to him.

It is brilliant.

In fact, this is some of the best comic-book artwork I have seen in years. His fight scenes are particularly impressive. They have weight, motion, violence and clarity. I never have difficulty understanding what is happening, but the panels still convey the chaos and physical brutality of combat. After finding the artwork in Volume 2 actively distracting, returning to De La Torre reminded me just how important the artist is to my enjoyment of a Conan comic. I don’t merely tolerate his artwork while enjoying Jim Zub’s story. I stop and admire it.

Fortunately, this time Zub’s writing came very close to matching it.

The Age Unconquered resolves the strange ending of Thrice Marked for Death quite satisfactorily. I had struggled with Conan becoming possessed and ultimately killing himself in that volume. I assumed, obviously, that Conan’s death wasn’t going to stick, but it had seemed like a peculiar direction for a Conan story—something I would have expected more readily from a Kull or James Allison story. Here, Zub makes that decision pay off. What had seemed strange in isolation makes considerably more sense as part of the larger story.

And then Zub started throwing things at me that seemed almost specifically designed to make me happy.

Yag-Kosha!

Kull!

The sword from the 1982 Conan the Barbarian movie!

And then—Thulsa Doom.

That was where this book began verging on four-star territory for me.

Zub does something with Thulsa Doom that I have wanted someone to do for years. Rather than treating the various incarnations of the character as entirely separate things, he begins bringing them together. There is the Thulsa Doom associated with Kull. There are elements recalling the Thulsa Doom of the Conan the Barbarian movie. And then Zub brings Kathulos from Robert E. Howard’s “Skull-Face” into the equation.

Yes.

Absolutely yes.

I have suggested for years that Kathulos and Thulsa Doom could be the same person. The connections seemed too tantalizing not to explore: ancient, seemingly deathless sorcerous figures whose identities stretch backward through forgotten ages of human history. It seemed like exactly the sort of connection someone could make within Howard’s sprawling prehistoric mythology.

And Jim Zub actually did it.

There is a peculiar satisfaction in encountering an idea in a published story and realizing that the writer has made manifest something you have been wanting someone to do for years. It isn’t merely an Easter egg or a reference included to make knowledgeable Howard readers smile. Zub takes material from different corners of the larger Howard mythology—and even from the cinematic Conan tradition—and finds a way of weaving it together into something that feels purposeful.

That is also why the inclusion of Kull works so well for me. I complained in the previous volumes that portions of this storyline sometimes felt more like Kull stories than Conan stories. This time Zub essentially answers that objection by bringing Kull himself into the larger mythology he is constructing. Instead of Conan simply wandering into territory that feels as though it belongs to another Howard hero, Zub begins revealing the connections among those different ages.

The story also has genuine stakes. There is a cost to what happens here. That matters enormously in an adventure story because victory becomes much less interesting when nothing meaningful can be lost. Conan survives—of course he does—but survival isn’t the same thing as escaping untouched.

And throughout all of it, Zub continues writing a Conan that I recognize. That may be the highest compliment I can give him. He can incorporate cosmic horror, ancient mythology, Kull, Yag-Kosha, Thulsa Doom, Kathulos and even imagery from the Schwarzenegger movie without losing Conan himself beneath all those references. Conan remains Conan.

There is a danger in this sort of continuity-building. A writer can become so delighted by references and connections that the story turns into little more than a catalogue of things the audience recognizes. I don’t think Zub crosses that line. These things aren’t merely appearing so that I can point at them. He is attempting to build something out of them.

And, good grief, I want to see where he goes with it.

This doesn’t quite reach four stars for me. But it came surprisingly close. It is considerably stronger than the previous volume, it retroactively makes some of the stranger decisions in that book work better, and it takes Jim Zub’s larger Conan story in a direction that I find genuinely exciting.

And Roberto De La Torre’s artwork?

Give this man as much Conan as he wants to draw.

People of the Dark by Robert E. Howard

by Gary Romeo

This story features a character called “Conan the reaver.” It is NOT the more famous Conan, of course. Robert E. Howard reused certain names. Steve Costigan, Amra, and in this instance, Conan. But speculation that this story eventually fueled the creation of the Cimmerian cannot be dismissed.

This story is notable for its use of several Howardian themes: “The Little People” or “The Children of the Night.” (essentially borrowed from real myth and Arthur Machen, but with Howard’s own spin), reincarnation (formalized by ancient Indic religions, but with Howard’s own spin), and the man obsessed with hate (which might be unique to Howard).

The narrator starts, “I came to Dagon’s Cave to kill Richard Brent.” Dagon is mentioned in the Bible (Judges 16 and 1 Samuel 5) but this is most likely a nod to H. P. Lovecraft, whose story “Dagon” appeared in Weird Tales. The story has a love triangle between the narrator, Richard Brent, and the oddly named Eleanor Bland, whom the narrator finds anything but bland.

The narrator realizes he is a little bit insane with his obsessed and violent feelings. “The Little People” that Howard used in several stories make an appearance here. “I wondered if those anthropologists were correct in their theory of a squat Mongoloid aboriginal race, so low in the scale of evolution as to be scarcely human . . . ” The narrator slips and bangs his head. He remembers he is Conan of the reavers. Along with his Gael brethren, Conan and crew have invaded a coastal village. Conan is now alone and in search of Tamera, a Briton native girl, who loves Vertorix, another Briton. There is an unapologetic rape-y vibe in Conan’s desire for Tamera.

Vertorix and Tamera flee into Dagon’s Cave with Conan in pursuit. Conan, seeing wall paintings, is now aware that this is the home of the Children of the Night. Conan continues on, lust for Tamera, overriding superstitious fear. He discovers, The Black Stone. The ancient stone that the Children of the Night worship. Vertorix and Tamera have been bound and beaten by the hideous little people. Conan rescues them. The group flees further into the cavern to escape.

They decide to make a stand against their pursuers. A bloody confrontation allows them a way to escape. Conan is separated from the couple and sees they are trapped on the other side of a cliff. Vertorix takes Tamera in his arms and jumps, plunging to their deaths.

The narrator, John O’Brien, has now come to his senses and realizes he had a past life experience. Meanwhile, Richard Brent and Eleanor Bland have been exploring the cave and Eleanor had dim memories of that same past life event. Richard feels it too.

John O’Brien sees the couple embraced across a cliff and realizes Eleanor loves Richard. He feels guilt about the past. One of the remaining Children of the Night starts to attack the couple and John O’Brien is able to save them with the pistol he brought to kill Richard Brent. He has made atonement for his past life aggression.

This is a decent story that perhaps marks Howard’s transition to more violent and amoral protagonists. We know that this story underwent a few revisions. The Robert E. Howard Foundation published a booklet featuring pages from the known revisions in a 2024 publication sent to its members. (It pays to be a member!)

The “Draft 1 Incomplete” is not as polished as the published version. Some of the narration is a little awkward, “I gave it only a passing, shuddersome glance” was changed to “shuddering glance” in the published version, which sounds better to me. The “Draft 2 Complete” ends differently than the published version. O’Brien is a passive observer to Brent and Elenanor’s embrace. O’Brien doesn’t have to shoot and kill an attacking monstrosity.

Howard’s original submission to Clayton Magazines caused editor Harry Bates to request some changes. (That letter is reproduced below.) Howard made the changes and referred to this story in subsequent letters. Howard felt strongly enough about the story to consider it for the British market. (Read the letters below.) How much this story paved the way for Conan the Cimmerian is anyone’s guess.

Howard mentioned the suggested changes to Tevis Clyde Smith in a November 1931 letter:

In January, 1932 REH wrote the following to H. P. Lovecraft:

Then, again, to Tevis Clyde Smith in February 1932:

Again in a March 1932 letter to Tevis Clyde Smith:

May 1932, to Tevis Clyde Smith:

May 1932 to H. P. Lovecraft:

Then in June 1933 to Clayton Magazines:

Night Images (one expensive book) by Robert E. Howard

by Gary Romeo

Night Images by Robert E. Howard was published by The Morning Star Press in 1976. The book is highly collectible for its illustrations. Starting with the magnificent Frazetta art reproduced on the cover and an additional 14 illustrations by Richard Corben. The original price was $50 (equivalent to $295 today). Which is why I never bought the book. At the time, Glenn Lord, Howard’s literary agent, somewhat apologized for the price.

Details about the contents can be found at REH World. There are also various scans available there including the extra color plate by Frazetta. All the poetry presented in the book is now available in The Collected Poetry of Robert E. Howard volumes available from REH Foundation Press.

Things unique to the book include:

A one page Foreword by John Pocsik:

John Pocsik was first noticed when the book, Over The Edge, Arkham House, 1964 was published. Two of his stories were included in the anthology: “Casting the Stone” and “The Blue Flame of Vengeance.” The latter being a re-write of Robert E. Howard’s “Blades of the Brotherhood.”

In 1976, Morning Star Press was also publishing a high-quality magazine called Ariel. John Pocsik’s Solomon Kane pastiche/clone character was published in the first issue. “The Fiend Within” was originally an authorized Solomon Kane pastiche but Glenn Lord advised him to change the character’s name as a Solomon Kane book deal was pending. Solomon Kane became Isaac Grail. Pocsik later worked on Bloodstar, the Morning Star Press graphic novel version of “The Valley of the Worm” illustrated by Richard Corben.

Pocsik later went on to do his own original work with Corben under the name Simon Revelstroke. Pocsik also wrote “Starcrown” for Heavy Metal and “Elfspire for Marvel’s Epic magazine.

A one and a half page article by Armand Eisen:

“Echoes From An Anvil: The Poetry of Howard” provides a short praising of the master’s craft. “Howard’s dark and wild visions are as much conjured through the music of the words as through their meaning. The throbbing rhythms and emphatic rhymes animate the poems with the same primal life-pulse which Howard so often suggests in his descriptions.”

Armand Eisen was the president of Ariel Books. Ariel magazine sadly only lasted for four issues. It featured quality articles (Charles Hoffman’s “Conan the Existentialist” was first published here) and even higher quality art. Eisen, an Amherst College graduate is known mainly as an editor, publisher, writer, and art director of children’s books.

About the Illustrators

This is a brief (one paragraph each) summary of the careers of Frank Frazetta and Richard Corben as they stood at that time.

“[Frazetta’s] images penetrate the façade of mundane life and reach to the depth of human feeling.”

“[Corben’s] brilliant draftsmanship and imaginative story telling have established him as a major innovator in his field.”

The Art

Richard Corben’s illustrations for Night Images are noticeably different from his art for Den or Bloodstar, his airbrushed comic style has been replaced by detailed contrasting blacks and greys for full page illustrations and detailed pen and ink drawings/borders throughout the book.

You will have to buy the book to enjoy ALL the art. Heavy Metal magazine did publish a preview in their June 1977 issue. And various scans are available with a Google search. Everyone will have to decide for themselves but with the content available online, I’m satisfied enough to save my money.

Book Review: Dodge City by Patrick deWitt

by Gary Romeo

Dodge City by Patrick deWitt takes place in 1967. Leland (Lee) Clarke has received his draft notice and decides to go to Canada. Lee is not the only one to dodge responsibility in this book. This is Mr. deWitt’s sixth book. I have enjoyed all of his books, but have a preference for The Sisters Brothers and The Librarianist. This book is probably most similar to The Librarianist in style.

The main characters are not wholly likeable and all have impulse control issues. But they seem real. And that makes for an entertaining novel. Lee has been expelled from UCLA for attacking another student and has lost his Student Deferment. The dialogue between Lee and his draft officer is quite funny.

Lee’s girlfriend, Cal, is a 1960s woman. She has had an abortion and is sexually active. There relationship grows (by phone) during Lee’s road trip. Lee sells his car to Robin, a semi-drug dealer, for the needed cash. Taking a car drop off job, Lee gets to go on a road trip in a snazzy Jaguar all the while taking white cross amphetamines. Nostalgia for some?

I surmise that deWitt has an eye toward a film version of his book. Snazzy car, pretty girlfriend, a dozen dogs, and a Jesus like mental patient; all not quite unbelievable but all definitely cinematic. Lee embarks on his road trip stopping first at the old Mendocino Hotel. The people Lee comes in contact with, like his draft officer, the Mendocino Hotel clerk, and later a homeless person who hangs out at a laundromat are all quite funny and likeable. Of course, they only appear briefly, if a novel was being written about them, they would probably be as flawed as Lee and his family. Lee leaves the hotel early and encounters a cinematic storm.

Lee’s visit with his father is quite depressing. Lee’s parents are separated and his father has become a drunk with precarious employment as a dog catcher. The visit with his mom is better. Lee’s Uncle Wallace’s dialogue with Lee and his mother brings out some similarities between Lee’s mother abandoning her family and Lee abandoning his societal responsibility to serve his country.

Lee’s next stop is to visit his estranged brother. Their is good stuff here. The visit to see his sister is his last family visit. Her life is chaotic. She has been cheating with a married doctor and then has an affair with one of her mental patients. Lee is introduced to organized War Resisters but doesn’t feel the need to make his situation a cause. The novel ends with Lee abandoning the Jaguar and walking through some woods to make a new life in Canada.

The novel is essentially a road trip movie with Lee coming to grips with family, friends, and future. I’ve summarized the highlights but the entertainment is in the details. There is plenty of entertainment and poignancy in the things not discussed. Read it and enjoy it.

Gray Morrow’s Conan – The Lost Comic

by Gary Romeo

A friend of the blog, David DuLong, reminded me that there was an article in Alter Ego #83 that mentioned that artist Gray Morrow did a Conan comic book some time in the 1950s that was never printed.

from Alter Ego 83, article by Will Murray

Will Murray quotes Gray Morrow: “There was a strange outfit called Triangle that speculated in fantasy fiction,” artist Gray Morrow recalled in Comics Scene. “They were printing a lot of Robert E. Howard’s stuff and were doing poorly with it. They decided to see what could be done with Conan in comic book form. I had never heard of Conan before, so they gave me Howard’s “Tower of the Elephant” and told me to come up with a comic based on it. It was the first appearance of Conan in comic book form. The problem was they never printed the comic. I got paid for it, but today it must be sitting on a shelf somewhere and getting moldy.”

Triangle, we are told, published TV Guide and Seventeen, but no comic books or fantasy publications. So, it appears Mr. Morrow was misremembering. Will Murray suggested that the publisher could have been John Raymond (Future Publications, Space Publications, etc.) who published Fantasy Fiction and Space Science Fiction which reprinted some of REH’s stories. But John Raymond never entered into comic book publishing.

A likely candidate (although not “a strange outfit”} may be Avon Publications. In the 1950s, The Avon Fantasy Reader was the primary publication reprinting REH’s fantasy stories. Avon also did comic book publishing. The artists featured were contemporaries and sometimes friends of Gray Morrow, artists such as Wally Wood, Joe Kubert, Joe Orlando, and Alvin C. Hollingsworth.

Eerie #1, Avon Comics

At the time of Gray Morrow’s reminisces, the Avon logo was kind of similar to a “triangle” in a cross-eyed way. Three sides anyway. So, my wild guess is that he was possibly confusing Avon with “Triangle.”

In any event it is a lost book.

There is no known archive for the personal or business papers of John Raymond. Lester Del Rey worked for Raymond. There is a very remote possibility that Raymond’s attempt at comic book publishing could be mentioned in Del Rey’s papers at Princeton University, Texas A&M University, University of Oregon, or University of California (Riverside).

Avon Comics was short-lived (roughly 1945–mid-1950s). Standard industry practice at that time was to discard original boards after printing. It is highly doubtful unused art would have been retained.

Gray Morrow did not bequeath his artwork or papers to any institution, archive, library, or museum. His widow, Pocho Morrow, is known to have sold remaining artwork to pay debts. If there were any Conan sketches or artwork, they are now in private hands. Pocho Morrow was helpful in getting Hermes Press to reprint Gray’s classic S&S work, Orion in 2012.


Dwight Graydon “Gray” Morrow (March 7, 1934 – November 6, 2001) was a great artist. At the time of his death, he was living in Kunkletown, Pennsylvania, and suffering from Parkinson’s disease. He died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.

Below are a few standouts of his Fantasy and Sword & Sorcery related art:

Gray Morrow cover, 1965
Gray Morrow cover, 1966
Gray Morrow cover, 1970
Gray Morrow cover, 1970
Interior illustration, 1970
Gray Morrow cover, 1970
Gray Morrow cover, 1973
Gray Morrow, Savage Sword of Conan 7, 1975
Originally published in Witzend, the art was colorized and published in Heavy Metal magazine.

Gray Morrow’s Orion is considered his Sword & Sorcery masterpiece. The collection is expensive but worth it for Gray Morrow fans.

Review: Weird Tales (3 Volume Set from PS Publishing) edited by Stephen Jones

by Phil Sawyer

Weird Tales: The Early Years

This 468 page hardcover anthology was published a few months ago by PS Publishing. They are a publisher in England who specialize in fantasy and science fiction books. This is the first book in a set of three.

Mr. Jones writes the introduction and gives you a good and concise history of how and why Weird Tales was started in February of 1923 and was dated on the cover March 1923. Stephen Jones relates that Weird Tales got off to a rocky start and during the 1920s struggled to survive. Farnsworth Wright taking over as editor in 1924 would “prove to be one of the best decisions Weird Tales ever made.”

H.P Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, and Robert E. Howard became regular contributors. Many other excellent authors such as Grey La Spina, E. Hoffmann Price, August Derleth, and H. Warner Munn became contributors also. Mr. Jones reports that “By the end of the rocky first decade, the future of Weird Tales was still perilous but under Farnsworth Wright’s guiding hand, it had at least reached a level of stability and professionalism that would see it carry on into the 1930s and beyond.” Mr. Jones also gives you biographical information on the various authors.

Otis Adelbert Kline wrote an editorial for the 1924 anniversary issue titled “Why Weird Tales?” Kline wrote that “We make no pretension of publishing, or even trying to publish a magazine that will please everybody. What we have done, and will continue to do, is to gather around us an ever-increasing body of readers who appreciate the weird, the bizarre, the unusual—-who recognise true art in fiction.

“The writing of the common run of stories today has, unfortunately for American literature, taken on the character of an exact science. Such stories are entirely mechanical, conforming to fixed rules. A good analogy might be found in the music of the electric piano. It is technically perfect, mechanically true, but lacking in expression. As is the case with any art when mechanics are permitted to dominate, the soul of the story is crushed—suffocated beneath a weight of technique. True art—the expression of the soul—is lacking.”

Kline concludes his interesting essay by telling us that “Weird Tales has, from its inception, and will in the future endeavour to find and publish those stories that will make their writers immortal. It will play its humble but necessary part in perpetuating those personalities that are worthy to be crowned as immortals.”

The first story on page 19 is by Anthony M. Rud and is titled “Ooze.” The story is a good horror/thriller about the creation of a giant amoeba and how after much cost it was destroyed.

Farnsworth Wright also contributed to the magazine. Included in this book is “The Snake Fiend” by Wright. It’s a “tale of diabolical terror” concerning a man who goes mad after using snakes to exact revenge on people he hated.

On page 65 is the poem ” The Garden of Evil” by Clark Ashton Smith.

Sonia H. Greene’s “The Invisible Monster” is on page 67. It was revised and edited by husband H.P. Lovecraft and concerns the ghastly fate of some people at a beach resort. It was the only story under Greene’s name and is actually pretty good.

H.P. Lovecraft’s “The Rats in the Walls” is on page 83. This is classic HPL and was a favorite of the readers.

Lovecraft friend C.M. Eddy’s tale “The Loved Dead” is on page 139. This was highly controversial for its time, a tale of necrophilia, and gave Weird Tales quite a bit of notoriety. (All publicity is good publicity?)

Robert E. Howard appears on page 185 with “In the Forest of Villefere.” This werewolf tale concerns the cursed French swordsman “De Montour” and is highly entertaining.

The first Jules de Grandin story by Seabury Quinn, “The Horror on the Links” is on page 189. Weird Tales readers were very enthusiastic about the adventures of de Grandin and many more would follow.

A. Merritt’s only contribution to Weird Tales titled “The Woman in the Wood” is on page 255. It’s a fine tale of a haunted forest that strikes back at the people who are attacking it. Merritt could write an excellent story!

Edmond Hamilton wrote “The Monster God of Mamurth.” It appears on page 283 and is a fine spooky story about a giant invisible spider type creature that haunts part of the desert of North Africa. To me this was one of the scarier stories in this collection.

Frank Belknap Long’s Egyptian based story “The Dog-Eared God” is on page 307 and is well written and haunting.

A haunting and beautiful Robert E. Howard poem “The Song of Bats” is on page 334. It’s marvelous that editor Wright would place poems by Clark Ashton Smith and Howard in Weird Tales. Wright was an excellent editor.

“Two Black Bottles” by Lovecraft’s friend Wilfred Blanch Talman is on page 353. It’s an excellent story. Lovecraft revised and edited the tale and Stephen Jones reports that supposedly Talman was not very happy about the revisions. I am not sure what Talman objected to and will try to find out more if possible.

Lovecraft’s famous “Pickman’s Model” is on page 365. This is one of HPL’s finest stories and the readers were very enthusiastic about it.

Appearing on page 409 in the book is “The Vengeance of Nitocris” by the then 16 year old author Tennessee Williams. Writing as Thomas Lanier Williams the story concerns the vengeance of a dead Pharaoh’s sister on the people who killed the Pharaoh. She commits them to what Sprague would describe as a “lingering and humorous doom.”

“The Curse of Yig” by Zealia Brown Reed is on page 421. The story was edited and rewritten by HPL so that it is basically a Lovecraft tale. It’s a powerful scary story and well worth reading.

Stephen Jones writes in his introduction about “The Eyrie”: ” It was a smart concept which most of the other pulp magazines copied and, over the following decades, many of Weird Tales most popular and prestigious contributors used The Eyrie to voice their praises and complaints— as the sampling in this volume indicates.”

“The Eyrie” goes from pages 439-468. H.P. Lovecraft wrote an incredibly snobby and haughty letter in September 1923. HPL basically told the editors that he, a refined aesthete, might deign to share some of is writings with the vulgar public, but that he doubted if the riff-raff would appreciate them.

On page 178 of his Lovecraft biography Sprague writes that Lovecraft’s “covering letter would be hard to beat for negative salesmanship.”

Sprague continues: “Lovecraft had done everything to assure rejection of his stories: the haughty tone, the art for art’s sake pose, the deprecation of his own work, and the mention of a previous rejection. He all but begged Baird to return his manuscripts.

“All editors know that much of the material submitted to them has already been sent elsewhere, but it is tactless to rub it in….

“It therefore says something for Baird’s objectivity and sense of humor that he bought all five stories and several more that Lovecraft sent him. He published Lovecraft’s letter with a wry note: ‘Despite the foregoing, or because of it, we are using some of Mr. Lovecraft’s stories, and you will find his “Dagon” in the next issue of Weird Tales.'”

Lovecraft being Lovecraft, he still did not appreciate Baird’s generosity and kindness. Sprague tells us: “Lovecraft was dismayed that Baird ‘could not consider their acceptance till I sent them in double-spaced typing. I am not certain whether or not I shall bother. I need the money badly enough—but ugh! I hate typing….I abhor labour.'”

Sprague bleakly concludes: “Lovecraft had not faced up to the need of earning a living. In some ways he never did.”

In February 1926 Robert E Howard wrote in about the Jules de Grandin stories: “These are sheer masterpieces. The little Frenchman is one of those characters who live in fiction…”

August Derleth and Grey La Spinal also wrote in interesting letters concerning Lovecraft’s stories and La Spina thought Mr. Quinn’s story was “corking.”

In May 1926 REH wrote in: “‘The Saga of Grettir the Outlaw’ [an anonymous medieval classic] while told in plain, almost homely language, reaches the peak of horror. You will recall the terrific, Night-long battle between the outlaw and the vampire, who had himself been slain by the Powers of Darkness.”

In May 1926 Howard stated that “‘The Call of Cthulhu’ is indeed a masterpiece, which I am sure will live as one of the highest achievements of literature.”

In October 1929 E. Hoffmann Price wrote in to say how much he enjoyed Howard’s “The Shadow Kingdom.” A. Merritt also wrote in to say how much he enjoyed “The Shadow Kingdom” and many other stories.

And in November 1929 REH informed his fellow readers that he thought that “E. Hoffmann Price’s ‘A Jest and a Vengeance’ had captured the true Spirit of the East . . . just as Kipling did.”

There are many other informative and fun letters in “The Eyrie.”

All in all, this is a splendid volume. It’s beautifully bound and printed and very readable. The publishers have also cleverly made the paper and type resemble the pulp paper and type used in Weird Tales. The book is very enjoyable. I highly recommend this book and the following two volumes. You can order them from the publisher or through Amazon for about $36.00 each.


Weird Tales: The Unique Magazine

Stephen Jones reminds us that the Thirties were the time of the Great Depression. Weird Tales cost 25 cents a copy and this was pretty pricey for the era. However, when as a cost saving measure it was proposed that the magazine go bi-monthly the readers protested and were successful in keeping the magazine monthly until 1941. Weird Tales then went bi-monthly and stayed on that schedule until it went out of business in 1954.

There were many arguments in “The Eyrie.” How many “interplanetary stories” should be in each issue? And whether or not the covers drawn by Margaret Brundage were appropriate or not?

Weird Tales did suffer a number of blows in the Thirties. In 1932 Henry Whitehead died. Lovecraft wrote a heartfelt obituary for his friend and colleague. Whitehead is widely credited with introducing the Voodoo theme into fantasy literature.

Robert E. Howard committed suicide in 1936. The readers and Howard’s friends were astounded and horrified by his death and many fans and colleagues wrote in to express their appreciation and sympathy.

Then in March 1937 HPL died. To many readers HPL WAS Weird Tales and Lovecraft’s loss was widely mourned.

At the same time Clark Ashton Smith had virtually ceased writing stories so this was a terrible gut punch to the magazine.

Stephen Jones writes that “The untimely deaths of REH and HPL in 1936 and 1937, respectively, were a blow to Wright’s editorship, and he attempted to fill the gap left by losing two of his most popular authors by not only reprinting their work from earlier issues, but also including newly-discovered fiction and poetry from both.”

By 1940 Wright’s Parkinson Disease had become so advanced that he had to resign as editor. He died in June of 1940 at age 51.

The final issue credited to Wright was in March 1940. He was then replaced by Dorothy Mcllwraith. New writers such as Ray Bradbury and Richard Matheson and Fritz Leiber, Jr. began to appear in the magazine.

Robert Bloch wrote “Dorothy Mcllwraith took over the editorial scalpel, assisted by Lamont Buchanan. Although they never succeeded in getting Weird Tales back on its feet, they did prolong its existence over the 1940s into the mid 1950s.”

The final pulp sized issue of Weird Tales was in July 1953. The magazine then went to a digest sized format until the final issue in September of 1954.

From March 1923 until September 1954 Weird Tales ran for 279 issues. Stephen Jones writes that “There is no doubt that Weird Tales was amongst the most influential pulps of the 20th century, and the remarkable thing is that it remains so today, more than a century after it was first published.”

The first story in this volume is Henry Whitehead’s “The Passing of a God.” Lovecraft praised the story “as perhaps the peak of his creative genius.” Clark Ashton Smith also thought very highly of this tale which appeared in January 1931.

Stephen Jones has Robert E Howard’s “The Thing on the Roof” in this volume. Jones decided not to include any of Howard’s sword and sorcery stories as “they are readily available elsewhere.”

Howard’s tale of menace features two English academics and is set in Central America. Plenty of thrills and shudders! Weird Tales published it in  February 1932.

The May 1932 issue had Hugh Cave’s famous vampire story “The Brotherhood of Blood” which was also the cover story.

Clark Ashton Smith’s Zothique story “The Isle of the Torturers” appeared in 1933. His Averoigne story “The Mother of Toads” was in the July 1938 issue.

 Lovecraft’s last Weird Tales story appeared in the December 1936 issue and was titled “The Haunter of the Dark.”

Lovecraft died in March of 1937. Clark Ashton Smith’s beautiful tribute poem “To Howard Phillips Lovecraft” was in the July 1937 issue.

In August 1939 Manly Wade Wellman’s marvelous Civil War fantasy “The Valley was Still” was published. I remember seeing it’s adaptation on TV’s The Twilight Zone!

Robert Bloch’s “House of the Hatchet” and “The Skull of the Marquis de Sade” are in this book and demonstrate Bloch’s usual cheerful mastery of weirdness and horror.

Ray Bradbury’s “The Jar” appeared in the November 1944 issue and was instantly hailed as a classic. Alfred Hitchcock Presents adapted the story in 1964. Bradbury’s “The Black Ferris” appeared in the May 1948 issue and I enjoyed this excellent fantasy.

Richard Matheson appeared late in the life of Weird Tales with “Wet Straw” and “Slaughter House.” They are both fine dark fantasies with many thrills and shudders. Matheson was a real talent!

“The Eyrie” runs from pages 447-478. As usual there are many interesting letters and discussions. In March of 1931 Clark Ashton Smith wrote in to say how much he enjoyed Long’s “The Horror from the Hills” and Whitehead’s “The Passing of a God.” In April of 1932 he told the Eyrie that one or two scientifictales should be enough and that “a representative number of Weird Tales should include at least one fantasy of poetic and atmospheric type. The balance of the stories should be tales of sheer weirdness and pure terror— which implies the presence or advent of the supernatural and the supermundane.”

Many “Eyrie” letters were taken up arguing over Margaret Brundage’s cover art and whether it should be on Weird Tales or not. The Brundage art was a source of never ending controversy!

In November 1934 young smart aleck Robert Bloch wrote in saying he was getting mighty tired of “Conan the Cluck.” “Enough of this brute and his iron thewed sword thrusts—may he be sent to Valhalla to cut out paper dolls.” This got quite a lively discussion going!

Pages 456-464 are preoccupied with the sad news of the deaths of REH and HPL. Many tributes and expressions of sorrow pored in. Their deaths clearly depressed and saddened many people.

“The Eyrie” concludes in Volume 2 with a fine letter from Bradbury and then some back and forth over how good a writer was HPL.

Things were always pretty lively in ” The Eyrie!”

This second volume is a marvelous and magical book. My only complaint is that no story by E. Hoffmann Price is included. Price wrote many fine yarns so he really should be in here!

Again, the book is marvelously bound and the type and paper are excellent but at the same time the publishers give you that old pulp feel. Included are many of the advertisements of the era which I find a lot of fun.


Weird Tales: Masterpieces of Weird Fiction

This 478 page 3rd Volume takes a look at some of the famous authors who appeared in Weird Tales that most people would not associate with the magazine.

In the introduction Stephen Jones tells us how the editors of Weird Tales used reprints of famous fantasy stories that were in the public domain as a way to save money and to ensure that the magazine always had excellent stories.

First editor Edwin Baird ran a “Masterpieces of Weird Fiction” series that ran for seven episodes and ended in March of 1924.

Farnsworth Wright revived the series a little over a year later and ran the old stories under the title “Weird Story Reprint.” Wright alternated the classics with reprints from the magazine. Many readers loudly objected to Wright running the novels “The Wolf Leader” by Dumas and “Frankenstein” by Shelley. The negative reaction caused Wright to cancel “Dracula.”

In 1940 Weird Tales went bi-monthly. New editor Dorothy Mcllwraith discontinued the series as she now had enough new material for each issue.

Jones discusses the efforts to get Weird Tales stories sold for radio dramas. I had not known about this aspect of Weird Tales and found it very interesting. CBS radio Suspense broadcasted “The Dunwich Horror” starring Ronald Coleman but my impression is that there was not too much success getting Weird Tales on the airwaves. It was not for lack of trying.

On page 17 of the introduction Stephen Jones makes an interesting observation about the classic reprints: “It is worth noting that three of the ‘classic’ authors in this volume—H.G. Wells, Arthur Machen and Robert W. Chambers—were actually still alive when their stories appeared in Weird Tales. However, whether they were even aware that they were part of the history of ‘The Unique Magazine’ is, unfortunately, something we shall probably never know now.”

“The Haunters and the Haunted” is a fine scary ghost story by the Victorian English author Edward Bulwer-Lytton. He is most famous nowadays as the first writer to use the line beloved by a certain World Famous Author “It was a dark and stormy night.”

A fine tale by Ambrose “Bitter” Bierce titled “The Damned Thing” was included in the March 1923 issue. Lovecraft’s famous story “Dagon” is included in this volume. It was highly popular with the Weird Tales readers. One of my favorite HPL stories is “The Music of Eric Zann.” It directly follows “Dagon” in this book. O. Henry’s short story “The Furnished Room” is included. I found it very enjoyable. H.G. Wells is represented by three stories: “The Stolen Body,” ” The Valley of the Spiders,” and ” A Dream of Armageddon.” I think my favorite is “The Stolen Body” but they are all excellent stories.

One of my favorite HPL stories appears on page 129: “The Cats of Ulthar.” I know the de Camps thought very highly of this tale. William Blake’s famous poem “The Tiger” is on page 170. A very spooky story by F. Marion Crawford titled “The Upper Berth” is on page 187. It’s enough to make you think twice about sea voyages! Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Birthmark” is on page 205. It’s a haunting and sad tale and is skillfully written.

“Ozymandias” by Shelley is on page 244. L. Sprague de Camp many times expressed his admiration for this poem.

Sir Walter Scott wrote a very scary story titled “The Tapestried Chamber” on page 245. A haunted room in an ancient castle wreaks havoc with some visitors and shows Scott’s mastery of action and terror. Edgar Allan Poe’s “Ligeia” is included. Poe considered this story his masterpiece but ironically many Weird Tales readers could not stand it and “Ligeia” was bitterly denounced in “The Eyrie.”

Bram Stoker’s “Dracula’s Guest” was originally the first chapter of the novel Dracula but was excised due to the length of the novel. I enjoyed the chapter and I think all readers who liked Dracula should find it fascinating.

“The Signal-Man” by Charles Dickens is on page 383. It’s one of my favorite stories in the book and concerns a haunted stretch of railroad tracks. All lovers of uncanny tales should like this story! “Green Tea” by Sheridan Le Fanu is on page 395. It’s a famous story and is haunting and sad and spooky. I can see why it was the title of an Arkham House collection!

“The Eyrie” runs from pages 459-478. The book 3 “Eyrie” contains many arguments about the classic reprints. The readers seemed evenly divided about whether the reprints were a good thing or not. As I mentioned, there were some pretty strong denunciations of Edgar Allan Poe! Near the end of the “Eyrie” chapter you also begin to read letters where the readers tell of their appreciation of the art and magic of Virgil Finlay. He was a rare and great talent!

All in all I highly recommend these three volumes. You get a pretty fair history of Weird Tales and many great fantasy stories to enjoy. The printing and binding and art (and even the ancient ads!) make these books to be treasured. They are about $36.00 each and I think they are well worth the price. Mr. Jones and PS Publishing did an outstanding job! Enjoy!

Review: Arcane Arts and Cold Steel by David C. Smith

by Gary Romeo

I bought this book mainly with the intention of reviewing it here. I met David C. Smith at the 2019 Howard Days in Cross Plains and decided I liked the guy after the very briefest of conversation. I enjoyed his Robert E. Howard: A Literary Biography enough to say I’m happy I bought it. I’m happy I bought this too.

I have to admit I do not read much modern Sword & Sorcery these days. Which I think is typical of several older REH fans. I do read every Robert E. Howard pastiche available, which is atypical for REH fans in my age group. I have tried my hand at writing S&S but have not submitted anything to any magazine. I did have a story, “No Other Gods” in a collection edited by Mark Finn called Dreams in the Fire back in 2011. (I believe it is still available at lulu.com.) I am interested in trying to write S&S again in the future. The back cover states this book is a “master class” in S&S. I probably need the sophomore class.

A brief note before the Foreword states: Arcane Arts and Cold Steel is neither a history nor a comprehensive review of the genre. Rather, it addresses the elements of storytelling in the context of sword-and-sorcery fiction.” The Foreword by John O’Neill (of Black Gate magazine) contains the old bromide that “S&S is the modern descendant of the hero myth.”

The first chapter tries to define what Sword & Sorcery is. “It is the oldest story we have.” says the first sentence. Robert E. Howard is commonly referred to as “the father of S&S” so the timeline seems wrong to me. 🙂 Nevertheless, I get the point that myths feature strong heroes and scary antagonists as do S&S stories. Smith’s likes to quote from stories from several different authors to make his points. This is good. Contemporary authors like Steve Dilks, James Enge, Matt John, etc. are showcased giving the reader knowledge of authors who might be unknown to them. We are given the standard history. “The best sword-and-sorcery fiction is primitive, tight, raw, and transgressive.” Robert E. Howard’s name comes up as the standard for these type of stories.

A little later popular fiction is questioned: “So much current literary and commercial fiction seems to be the product, not of writers caught in the flow or sharing with the reader something fierce and genuine, but rather of writers trapped in “heavily schooled,” suffocating scriptoria, coached in opportunistic weekend conferences, workshops, and seminars, or developed by editors and agents profiting from producing the same old wine in new bottles.” Of the 4.2 million books with ISBN numbers published in 2025 (the year this book came out) that might be true of a small percentage. This seems a sour grapes type of over generalization to me. Of course, de Camp attacked mainstream fiction in a sour grapes way as well when he imagined a best seller titled The President’s Boyfriend. (That may one day be the title of a book about Pete Buttigieg!)

What follows is a history of S&S authors from REH to the usual Weird Tales suspects. Fritz Leiber and Norvell Page are mentioned for their S&S stories that appeared in John Campbell’s classic fantasy pulp, Unknown. (Fletcher Pratt and L. Sprague de Camp’s Harold Shea stories go unmentioned. Some, chiefly de Camp 🙂 have included them as part of the genre.) Several other authors are mentioned, Michael Moorcock and Karl Edward Wagner are frequently mentioned.

My take on S&S, when I was reading it heavily, was, no surprise, similar to L. Sprague de Camp’s. Smith quotes de Camp: “The purpose of these stories is . . . to entertain. These stories combine the color, gore, and action of the costume novel with the atavistic terrors and delights of the fairy tale. They furnish the purest fun to be found in fiction today.”

Smith, takes umbrage with that view. My favorite S&S writers are Howard, de Camp, and Lin Carter. His are Howard, Fritz Leiber, and Karl Edward Wagner. His opinion seems to echo those that are the opinion makers in REH fandom. So be it . . . it never bothers me to be the sole voice of reason. 🙂

Sword & Sorcery has had an uphill battle for literary respect. And I suppose de Camp’s emphasis on “fun” rattles those that find philosophical brilliance in heavily muscled warriors fighting grim gory battles. Long considered “the worst fantasy story ever written” is “The Eye of Argon” by Jim Theis. It was pilloried and hectored for its use of S&S tropes as much as for its typographical and logic errors. S&S authors and fans have a right to wish respect for their literature, but those of us who mostly find it fun should not be viewed as hostile to attempts at literary criticism that may improve the genre’s perception.

I take umbrage at the short shrift that Conan pastiche gets in this book and Brian Murphy’s Flame and Crimson. As Smith admits, “these novels defined the commercial state of sword-and-sorcery for a decade and a half.” While I didn’t find all 43 (?) of the Tor Conan books to be remarkable I did like several of them. John Maddox Roberts and Leonard Carpenter wrote decent S&S. And, of course, Robert Jordan’s (James Oliver Rigney Jr.’s) Conan novels were ubiquitous after the success of the Wheel of Time series. I think S&S’s reputation could only be improved by mentioning best-selling authors like Robert Jordan and Brandon Sanderson’s connection to Sword & Sorcery. Sanderson’s Warbreaker is arguably S&S and one of the best modern novels in the genre.

I could go on nitpicking things (I made a lot of notes) but it is time to jump to the next chapters. Chapter Two gets into Story Structure and is a sideways class on writing lessons. Smith’s format is to briefly mention things like “character and setting,” “flat and round characters” and “style, voice, and tone” and then quote samples of authors who have done these things well. Chapter Three covers The New Edge: Current and Sword-and-Sorcery Fiction. Most of the authors discussed were new to me. It is an interesting overview of contemporary authors and trends. Chapter Four provides a final summation.

Appendix One is the closest thing to a beginner or sophomore class on writing. It is perhaps too short considering “Writing Sword-and-Sorcery Fiction” sub-titles the book and might be the biggest drawing card for some. Recommended Reading is Appendix Two.

Interview with the Author slightly expands on criticisms of the “fun” view of S&S and the huge influence of de Camp and Carter on the genre. Smith isn’t a fan. Acknowledgments, Bibliography, About the Author, and Index follow. As a writing primer there are probably better books. But as a look at modern S&S writers and developing trends it was interesting.

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CONAN THE MURDERER: An Apologist View of Conan the Killer

by Bill Cavalier

OK, yeah, I know…in the strictest meaning of the word, the Conan character in the 21 stories written by Robert E. Howard is indeed a murderer. In the Oxford Dictionary, murder is: the intentional and unlawful killing of one person by another”. Well, Conan certainly did more than his share of intentional killing, to the end that an exact body count would be impossible to calculate!

But what about that “unlawful” part? Could Conan be considered a murderer in a time when the only law that mattered was who was best with a knife or sword? Should the laws and moral values of today be applied to a character of an imaginary time and place? The Hyborian Age had its basic law: kill or be killed. The guy on top of the pile of bodies at the end of the fight was the king, and in Howard’s World, that guy was Conan the KILLER, not Conan the Murderer. There is a difference.

Howard’s Conan stories are all about killing; each and every one involves the death of men by the hand of Conan. And while murder always equals killing, killing does not always equal murder. Most of the killing Conan does in the course of the story has reason or purpose, as in battle, self-defense or in a fix. Howard even mocked himself when he described his characters as only being able to cut their way out of a jam.

Robert E. Howard made his admiration of the laws and codes of the Old American West plain and clear during his lifetime and those values permeate most of his writing. A wandering cowboy imposing his own laws, moral codes and values upon all he meets in his travels is the benchmark of Howard’s writing style. Throw in a Revenge Factor, as in the “A Man is Wronged and Other Men Die for It” value, and the body count will begin.

Did Howard intend that Conan should be a murderer or did he want to portray the Cimmerian as the biggest badass around – the best guy in the ice house? Is that why he made Conan a Killer? Conan is Howard’s manifestation of the Kill or Be Killed Code, in a time when that was the only true law. In short, Conan’s killings were of the “justifiable homicide” nature, in a time when there was indeed something known as true justifiable homicide!

In addition to Conan killing with justifiable homicide, which I’ll get to presently, there’s an issue of Howard having a couple of the more cold-blooded or “murderous” killings occur out-of-story or off camera. By that I mean they are related in-story but after the fact and not actually graphically depicted in Howard’s writing. And in each case of these questionable homicides on Conan’s part, he killed with purpose – be it revenge, anger, war, necessity or with a pre-emptive motive: Kill or Be Killed. Or was it motivated murder?

Some examples of “out of story” and “unique” (but are they murder?) killings from Conan:

In RED NAILS, Conan cheerily tells Valeria that he killed the Stygian officer’s brother, who was trailing Valeria, seeking revenge. This is an example of a “pre-emptive” justifiable homicide.

In QUEEN OF THE BLACK COAST, after Conan leaps aboard the Wastrel he relates what brought him there: he had to kill a judge who was going to imprison him for not ratting out a friend. OK, this one is murder by today’s standards, but my apologist’s viewpoint would argue that this is justifiable in the Hyborian Age.

In A WITCH SHALL BE BORN, Conan nails Constantius to a tree at the end, in a bit of “Oh yeah – how do YOU like it?” killing. Constantius dies off-screen, so to speak.

Conan sets up innkeeper Aram Baksh in SHADOWS IN ZAMBOULA to die in a cannibal’s cooking pot. That’s an “I’ll fix your ass” killing.

Zogar Sag, the bad guy in BEYOND THE BLACK RIVER, gives us another out-of-story death with Conan killing Zogar by proxy, if you will.

At Yag-Kosha’s demand, Conan kills him in THE TOWER OF THE ELEPHANT. Death by request? Suicide by barbarian?

Other stories may or may not cross that murderous line, depending on a point of view. These are killings Conan certainly could have avoided by taking another course of action, but chose not to because killing is the way of the Hyborian Age.

Other killings that may be “on the bubble” of murder do have a measure of reason or purpose. Justifiable killings, yes – but murder?

Conan has murderous intent in THE BLACK STRANGER, where he tries to trap Zarono, Strom & friends in a poisoned cave. This attempt fails and no murders take place, but not for lack of trying on Conan’s part.

Conan kills the whore’s boyfriend in ROGUES IN THE HOUSE. This one is close to murder, but justifiable, as the guy was a known thug and thief, making him a probable threat to Conan.

THE VALE OF LOST WOMEN has Conan surprise braining Aja the War chief with a beef bone in a killing designed to protect a young woman’s honor. Sort of…

In THE POOL OF THE BLACK ONE, Conan has murderous, mutinous intent when he confronts the pirate captain Zaporavo on the beach, but then kills him in a straight up fight.

Well, you get the idea. I’m not going to say Conan was not a murderer in the strictest dictionary sense, because interpretations say he was. But Howard was entirely justified in making Conan a killer because that’s what he needed to be in the murderous times of the Hyborian Age. Dictionaries be damned!


This article first appeared in a REHupa mailing. It was scheduled to be reprinted in a new fanzine, Heroic FANtasy #1, but circumstances changed and the fanzine never appeared.

Eccentric, Impractical Devils: The Letters of August Derleth and Clark Ashton Smith

by Phil Sawyer

This 601 page Hippocampus Press paperback was published in 2020 and is edited by David E. Shultz and S.T. Joshi. I found it fascinating and very enjoyable. As Sprague used to say, I have a few nits to pick but I will save them for the end of this review.

The first letter in the book between these two fantasy giants was written on October 24th, 1930. Klarkash-Ton and Derleth obviously enjoyed corresponding and the pleasure they took in their correspondence shines through these letters.

On February 26th, 1931, Klarkash-Ton shared with Derleth, his dislike of cities: “I am glad that you have somehow (doubtless because of a fixed anti-urban prejudice) that you have returned to the country. And I am sure that you will find conditions vastly more favorable to literary work. One can’t hear one’s self think in the crazy clamor of a modern city. At least I can’t. Living in one for more than a week or two is about my idea of hell.”

On September 26th, 1931, Klarkash-Ton wrote: “HPL is an enigma to me. Surely I should think he would prefer doing his own stuff to revising people’s junk. He’d make more money, too, even if he didn’t sell more than half of a third. If I, an unknown, can sell two thirds of my work (the present proportion) there’s no doubt whatever as to the success achievable by H.P. with his prestige and popularity.” Many of us have wondered about this over the years!

Derleth could be pretty brutal and blunt when he would critique a story. On June 13th, 1932 Klarkash-Ton gently reminded him: “By the way, I have the impression that severe criticism, even if intended as constructive, merely depresses and chills H.P. without helping him. He isn’t like you and me, who could profit by the criticism if we thought it justified, or throw it off lightly if we didn’t. At least, this is my feeling about him.”

In a June 21st, 1932 letter Derleth writes: “Yes, I daresay you are right about H.P.’s sensitiveness. I discovered it rather late. It’s really too bad he should be that way, but being the retiring soul he is, I can easily understand it in him.”

Derleth’s productivity amazed Klarkash-Ton. On August 11th, 1932, he wrote: “Your energy and prolificity  are enough to floor me! 50,000 words in three weeks would be unimaginable, at any rate of production. I average about 150,000 words per year, which is no great amount for a ‘pulp’ writer. The only compensation for my slowness is that most if it sells somewhere or sometime. Out of the twenty yarns that I wrote in 1931, only three now remain in my hands.”

Both Smith and Derleth wished HPL would not get so easily discouraged. On March 1st, 1933 Smith wrote about HPL: ” It is astounding to me that he should take so seriously the criticism of any editor or book publisher, and allow it to restrict his productivity. Ye Gods! A thousand stodgy time servers like Putnam would never convince me that my best tales were inferior to those of anyone who has written in the weird genre.”

On March 6th, 1933 Derleth wrote: “Yes, it really is inexcusable of H.P. to let anybody convince him his stuff wasn’t worthy of book publication or printing in any other form, and to let Wright discourage him so easily. I, too, wish I could inject some of my self confidence into H.P.”

On August 4th, 1933 CAS wrote: “One Forrest J. Ackerman, writer of letters to magazines, has been assailing some of my ‘Wonder Story’ contributions quite extensively, claiming that they are too weird and horrific and fantastic…and sometime ago I received a personal letter from him urging me to refrain from contributing this type of material to W.S.”

Klarkash-Ton wrote on August 18th, 1933: “Ackerman is a most infernal and pestilential prig; but the trouble is, he represents a considerable and ever-growing class.”   (I must admit that Ackerman showed enormous gall or chutzpah or what have you by writing to Smith at his house and urging him not to write certain types of stories. If you are interested, the debate is in my review of Smith’s essay book, Planets and Dimensions.)

Klarkash-Ton knew his own worth. On August 29th, 1933 he wrote that he had almost enough Zothique stories for a opus he was planning titled “Tales of Zothique” ” when, and if, I should procure a publisher for that opus…printed on good paper and decently bound, I think that all of these tales would show up as fine literature, in no wise inferior to Dunsany or Cabell.

(90 years or so later old Phil is STILL waiting for that deluxe edition of Zothique!)

Klarkash-Ton and Derleth would often share pretty harsh opinions about some issues of Weird Tales. On October 4th, 1933 Smith wrote: “My opinion of the current ‘Weird Tales’ is exactly the same as yours. Some of the stuff was awful, particularly the vampire serial and the pseudo-scientific yarn by Williamson. The last was the shoddiest and lousiest and wretchedest of its kind that I have floundered through for some time.”

On February 20th, 1934, Klarkash-Ton told Derleth that “Gernsback has asked me to join The Science Fiction League as an honorary director. I’m afraid it isn’t much of an honour to be associated with that Yiddish pirate.”

Gernsback made CAS angry enough to “boil.” On April 17th, 1934 he told Derleth that “I think seriously of putting the collection of my arrears from Gernsback in the hands of a New York lawyer.” At this time he owed Klarkash-Ton about $750.00. It began to work. On July 22nd, 1934 Klarkash-Ton reported that “Much to my surprise, the New York attorney, Mark Weder, has succeeded in prying $50.00 out of Gernsback…only $691.00 more to pay!”

On March 23rd, 1937, Klarkash-Ton wrote sorrowfully to Derleth: “The news of Lovecraft’s death seems incredible and nightmarish, and I cannot adjust myself to it.”

On March 27th, 1937 Derleth wrote: “I have the fullest details of HPL’s death from his aunt, Mrs. Phillips Gamwell… As for Lovecraft’s posterity—we are not taking a chance. The gang in New York has agreed that I should take full charge of arranging an omnibus volume of the best of his work….” So we can see the first glimmerings of Arkham House.

On May 13th, 1937 Klarkash-Ton told Derleth that HPL’s “modesty about his own work was excessive, to say the least. Personally, I can find no one with the style of his later tales, except that there is, in places, a slight trend toward verbosity and repetitional statement. Many of his style-traits, perhaps, are not in accord with present-day taste; but, as far as I am concerned, the writing is all the more refreshing for such differences. Things that the average reader of today may regard as flaws will not necessarily be regarded as such a generation or two hence. The influence of fashion, always ephemeral, and always changing, must be considered here.”

Derleth wrote to CAS on October 23rd, 1938 that “we are hoping that Scribners will bring out the first Lovecraft book.” Arkham House as yet was not a going concern.

On October 29th, 1941 Klarkash-Ton described himself thusly: “From the note you’ll get the picture of a fantastic, eccentric, impractical, improvident devil: that well nigh fabulous being, a poet. My professional story-writing in 1929 started when my then sweetheart threatened to quit me if I didn’t get a job. I failed to get the job, and began spinning yarns for Wright and Gernsback.”

This was now the era of Arkham House. I am struck by how Klarkash-Ton and Derleth in Arkham House had to watch every penny.  On March 17th, 1942 Derleth wrote to Klarkash-Ton that Out of Space and Time would be coming in at 413 pages and that the cost of paper had risen and that the book would be put out in an edition of 1000 copies. “That means this–you must go over this copy very carefully for errors or changes, put all corrections, deletions, or additions in plainly and clearly, because none but typographical errors made by the press will be allowed to be changed on the galleys, since all such changes raise our cost, and make it harder to get out of the red on the book.”

Klarkash-Ton on May 9th, 1942 wrote that he was writing a will bequeathing “To Donald Wandrei and August Derleth “all my mss, both of verse and prose, with full authority as joint executors.” He explains “While I don’t anticipate an early demise,  there’s always an element of danger in underground work (particularly where dynamite is used) such as I’ll be doing at Sturmfeder’s mine.”

Klarkash-Ton was NOT the ivory tower type!

On July 1st, 1942 Derleth wrote to Klarkash-Ton: “I have today instructed the printer to send you 25 copies as soon as the book is ready. Of these, 10 are your copies, bought against royalties, 6 your free copies…” KlarkAsh-ton would get his royalties 6 months after Out of Space and Time was published.

On July 18th, 1943 Klarkash-Ton wrote to Derleth: “I’d have written before but have been picking fruit 10hrs daily for the past six weeks. The work is monotonous and irksome; but the wage are good ( 7 bucks a day) and the season promises to be over early. When it’s over I should have money enough on hand to settle down to a few months of writing…” 

Derleth did NOT get rich from Arkham House. On August 20th, 1943 he sent CAS a check for $10.80 for “accrued royalties to date.”  “672 copies of your book have been sold in toto now, and this check  is for royalties on the 36 copies since 7/22/43—just a month ago.”

When Klarkash-Ton received Beyond the Wall of Sleep he was finally able to read The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath. On November 30th, 1943 he wrote:that this tale “is an astonishing and very delightful fantasy, with only the most superficial resemblance to Dunsany. Who but Lovecraft would have thought of bringing in those marshalled armies and and cohorts of ghouls, night-gaunts, etc? I don’t know of anything more remarkable in the way of dream-literature; the tale if far more coherent and better-knit than I had expected from HP’s criticism and that of others.”

On  June 2nd, 1944 Klarkash-Ton wrote Derleth “Thanks for the last check ($12.00) on royalties. It is certainly encouraging that Out of Space and Time should sell out so quickly.” (Imagine Stephen King receiving a $12.00 royalty check!)

Derleth informed CAS on January 24th, 1947 that Smith’s second volume Lost Worlds had sold out and that he had sent Smith a check for $82.26 cents “less debits—purchases against royalties.”  

Klarkash-Ton had not totally ceased writing stories. On October 24th, 1947, he reported to Derleth that “I have been working on some new yarns, and am glad to report the placing of one, ‘The Master of the Crabs,’ with Weird Tales.” “The Master of the Crabs” is one of my favorite “Zothique” stories!

Klarkash-Ton was now married. He mentioned he and his wife were currently staying at his “thrice vandalized cabin in Auburn” and that he had just finished his “The Theft of the Thirty Nine Girdles” tale and was sending it to the editor Boucher for Fantasy and Science Fiction on April 25th, 1957.

The letters of wife Carol Smith to Derleth run from pages 489 to 510. Klarkash-Ton’s health was declining but he remained a nonconformist and his own man until the very end. On May 14th, 1960 Carol wrote to Derleth: “Clark has never had any faith in Drs—& for him—they do not function due to the fact that his body is governed by his spirit” and you can see how penicillin is no panacea for a Prometheus—bound, or unbound!”

On October 5, 1961, Carol wrote about Klarkash-Ton’s death: “he would NOT ever go to a hospital, nor see a doctor, which meant that only after his death was a doctor admitted to sign the death certificate.”

I found this volume fascinating. I have only touched the surface so that this review doesn’t get out of hand.

There were several things that I found curious about this book.

The editors were constantly correcting or footnoting Derleth telling us that he was wrong or that Lovecraft had not mean this or that or that Derleth did not understand what Lovecraft wished. I began to find this borderline irritating but I guess that can be chalked up to me being cranky.  I get the distinct impression that the editors did not much approve of Derleth.

In the bibliography the editors do NOT list Book of the Dead by E. Hoffman Price and “Sierran Shaman” by L. Sprague de Camp. How can they leave these important works out?!!!

I suspect that the editors did not think that Price and Sprague were reverent enough about the subject. Actually, I don’t think that Price was reverent about ANYTHING nor that Sprague was beyond the pale. I have read Joshi take quite a few cheap shots at Sprague over the years so I should not be too surprised.

People often get “serious” and “solemn” mixed up. They are not the same thing. Sprague was a serious man but could be very funny. One of Sprague’s favorite philosophers Bertrand Russell was a serious man but could be hysterically funny. Near the end of his life, Russell wrote that humorlessness to him was the sign of a “humbug.”

Joshi has done much valuable work but I don’t think I have ever read Joshi writing humorously.  Joshi has a full-length biography of Clark Ashton Smith coming out in September from Hippocampus Press. I plan on reviewing it for our fellowship so I will see if it is as solemn as his other writings.  

All in all though, this is an entertaining and marvelous book. You get real insights into two of the great 20th century masters of the weird and fantastic. Be sure to read this book if you get the chance.

   Until next time, 

   Yours in Thaisdon